Substitution and Income Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substitution and Income Effects - Essay Example Substitution effect pertains to the substitution that a consumer resorts to by substituting one product for other owing to the change in the relative prices of the two products (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). Usually the shrinking in the price of a commodity is accompanied by an enhanced demand for it. A fraction of this increased demand occurs owing to the substitution effect. For instance, a fall in the price of gasoline, considering that the price of some alternate fuels like ethanol or LPG remains the same will make gasoline more attractive to me, thereby inducing me to substitute gasoline for the relatively more expensive fuel options. My choice of fuel for my auto also depends on the income impact effect by the change in the price of a fuel option. For instance, a fall in the price of gasoline will make me purchase more of it owing to a rise in my real income (Pass, Lowes & Davies, 1993). If my budget for auto fuel is $100 and say the price of gasoline is $10 per gallon, I can pu rchase 10 gallons of gasoline. Now, if the price of gasoline falls to $5 per gallon, I can buy 20 gallons of gasoline from the same budgetary allocation of $100 or in other words I can buy 10 gallons of gasoline for $50. Hence, I am left with an extra $50 to spend on purchasing more of gasoline or other goods I need. It is the substitution effect combined with income effect that explain as to why demand curves are mostly downward sloping. For instance, I can explain the substitution effect and income effect for a price increase in gasoline (X) on my fuel purchasing preferences by the below given graph. An increase in the price of gasoline causes my budget line for fuel to shift from B1 to B2. Suppose that my auto could run on both gasoline (X) and ethanol (Y). So I change my fuel consumption from the bundle of gasoline and ethanol represented by A to the bundle of gasoline and ethanol represented by B. This shift from A to B is indicative of the total effect of the change in the pri ce of gasoline. This fall in the amount purchased of gasoline from X1 to X2 occurs owing to two reasons. First it is the substitution effect because gasoline is now costlier than ethanol. Second it’s the income effect because my real budge

Gernal Motors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gernal Motors - Term Paper Example The backdrop behind the inception of the company was the New York Auto Show of the year 1900, which was immensely successful in garnering a lot of positive attention from the masses. Before foraying into the automobile sector through the foundation of General Motors, the founder was highly successful in the manufacturing business of horse driven vehicles in the United States. Talking in regards to the strategy implemented by General Motors, for attaining business growth in the automobile market that provided extremely strong business opportunities as of the early days of automobile manufacturing, it needs to be mentioned that the company focused on growing through acquisition. Though in the very beginning, General Motors was holding only the Buick Motor Company, yet in a very short time the company has acquired Cadillac, Oldsmobile as well as Oakland, which is the modern day Pontiac. The company also focused on strategic acquisition of Opel, which concentrated on the entering the aut omobile market with their basic patent in the year 1899 (General Motors -1, 2013). Though the company’s core business offering is the automobile sector but the company has diversified in the recent years. As of the recent times, the company has transformed itself in to a global conglomerate, with offering in a wide range of sectors. It needs to be mentioned that GM at present has around 396 facilities all over the world (General Motors -2, 2013). The company has its footprints spread across multiple continents like North America, Europe, Asia as well as South America. Talking in regards to annual sales of the company, it needs to be mentioned that as of March 2013, the company sold around 245,950 units. This resulted in a spike of around 6 percent in annual sales in regards to the previous year (General Motors -3, 2013). While discussing on the lines of annual dollar sales, the data from various newspaper articles highlight that the company booked a profit of over 7.5 billion USD as of the year 2011 (Roberson, 2012). Section B: Products Marketed It is of considerable importance to say that the company General Motors has a highly diversified product portfolio. It needs to be mentioned that the company’s product portfolio for the multiple continents comprises of cars, crossovers as well as trucks. Discussing in a more specific manner, it can be highlighted that the product offerings extends from mini cars and electric vehicles to mega sized trucks, convertibles as well as monocabs. Talking in regards to the brands marketed by the largest automobile company on the lines of product volume, it can be said that the brands of General Motors are made available at around 120 countries across the globe. The popular brands of General Motors comprise of Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, Baojun, Cadillac, Holden, Jiefang, Isuzu, Vauxhall, Wuling and Opel. Also, since, the company has considerable amount of stakes in multiple joint ventures in China, it also holds some c redit for some of the Chinese automobile brands and models (General Motors -2, 2013). While discussing about product packaging, it needs to be highlighted that the product that is being discussed in this particular case belongs to the automobile se

The Evolution And Implementation Of Internet Banking Information Technology Essay

The Evolution And Implementation Of Internet Banking Information Technology Essay In a world moving at an overwhelming pace, technology has become the essential key driver in all aspects of our life. Internet is the catalysis without which, this would have never been possible. Now that Information Technology has been heartily accepted at home as well as at work, handling activities electronically can be envisaged (Tero et al; 2004). Bill Gates (2008) once said, Banking is essential, banks are not. By this, he meant that traditional banking will gradually disappear and electronic banking, which attracts more and more new users, will replace it. According to Alter (2002), the evolution of electronic banking started with Automatic teller machines (ATMs) and has passed through telephone banking, direct bill payment, electronic fund transfer and the revolutionary online banking, which has been selected to be the future of financial electronic transactions. Internet Banking services were introduced in the early 80s by the Nottingham Building Society and the Bank of Scotland (Tait and Davis, 1989). Unfortunately these services were discontinued as the bank customers were wary and not fully ready to accept internet banking. With the rapid growth of IT in the 90s, banks launched internet banking again (Daniel, 1998) and this time, it met such an astonishing success that these electronic services ended up becoming industry standards. Internet banking is the newest delivery channel that enables bank customers, through safe and appropriate systems, to gain access to general bank information on products and services offered and their accounts. Pikkarainen, Pikkarainen, Karjaluoto and Pahnila (2004, p.224) defines internet banking to be the internet portal through which customers can use different kinds of banking services ranging from bill payment to making investment. This happens through the banks website without any intervention or inconvenience of sending faxes, letters, original signatures and telephone confirmations (Thulani et al, 2009; Henry, 2000). Through the banks website, the bank customers can carry out activities such as balance reporting, inter-account transfers, bill payment via a telecommunication network without having to leave their work or home (Aladwani, 2001; Daniel, 1999; Mols, 1998; Sathye, 1999). With just a simple click of the mouse, Internet banking gives customers access to almost all typ es of bank transactions, apart from ultimate transaction, that is, the withdrawal of cash (De Young, 2001). Using Internet as an alternative channel for the distribution of financial services has become a necessity in order to achieve competitive advantage with the arrival of globalization and more hostile competition (Flavian et al, 2004; Gan et al, 2006). THE MAURITIAN INTERNET BANKING SECTOR Internet Banking is a relatively recent phenomenon in the country and one can assure that it has started to operate locally since 1997. Due to its diversification skills ranging from agriculture, information technology and financial services, Mauritius has experienced a rapid economic growth, thus joining the league of banks that use the internet as a distribution channel for banking services. The banking sector plays an important role in the economy, both in the reduction of unemployment and in the flow of foreign currency to the economy. The two largest local banks are the Mauritius Commercial Bank Ltd and the State Bank of Mauritius Ltd. Some of the banks offering the internet banking services are the Mauritius Commercial Bank Ltd (MCB), the State Bank of Mauritius Ltd (SBM) and the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank (HSBC). The service offered encloses mainly inter account fund transfer, transfer of fund to credit card account, payment to other account, SWIFT payment orders, recharging mobile phones, foreign transfers, cheque and credit card transactions, current statement of account issue, standing order transactions, application for various accounts, loan and credit cards, bill payments. Given the cross border implications of Internet Banking which almost eradicates all geographically boundaries, it is very important to have clear supervisory rules specifying which country supervisors have control over the internet banking activities as well as the elaboration of the applicable legal regime. To keep pace with the development in this line of business, a guideline on Internet Banking was issued to all banks in February 2001. The guideline sets out a regulatory framework for providing Internet banking services in Mauritius and establishes the minimum standards that should be followed by banks providing Internet Banking services. It further describes the requirements and processes to adopt in order to obtain the approval of the Bank by financial institutions who want to offer Internet Banking services. According to this guideline which came into effect the 2 April 2001, Internet Banking refers to banking products and services offered by institutions on the internet throu gh access devices, including personal computers and other intelligent devices. Types of Internet Banking There are different forms of online banking which are web-based banking where customers can access their accounts when they use the internet (Aladwani, 2001). A second form of online banking is where the bank customer, through a modem, dials-up to the banks server to access his bank account. This is known to be dial-up banking. A type of dial-up banking, called Extranet, is a private network between a bank and its corporate customers. Currently there are three kinds of internet banking which are employed in the market place (Thulani et al, 2009; Yibin, 2003; Diniz, 1998) and these are Informational, Communicative and Transactional. An Informational website is the first level of Internet Banking. Marketing information about the banks products and services are found on a standalone server. There are typically no path between the banks internal network and the server. A Communicative/simple transactional website allows a limited amount of interaction between the customer and the banks system. The interaction is restricted to e-mail, account inquiry, loan application or static file updates (name and address). Fund transfers are not allowed. An Advanced website allows bank customers to make queries about their accounts, electronic transfer funds to and from their accounts, pay bills, update their account information and conduct other banking transactions online. Therefore a bank who is planning to offer internet banking services, is expected to create an informational website first, then introduce a communicative website and finally an advanced transactional website where customers can perform the basic transactions. Advantages of Internet Banking Both the provider and the consumer benefit from internet banking. Online banking is considered to be the most important way to decrease cost and enhance or maintain services for consumers (Hua, 2009). From the banks perspective, it is the cheapest banking products delivery channel (Pikkarainen et al, 2004). Together with saving time and money, this service minimizes the possibility of bank tellers committing mistakes ( Jayawardhena Foley, 2000). Less staff is required since the customers serve themselves in cyberspace. Karjaluoto et al (2002, p.261) argued that time and location were no longer limiting factors in banking as all over the world, customers can now easily access their accounts 24/7. Internet makes the transactions efficiently and expertly at an unmatched speed. Internet banking offers the possibility to manage several bank accounts on one site and these sites are compatible with software such as Microsoft money. With increasing competitive pressures from existing firms and new blood on the market, competition is an important logic to be considered. Using internet banking as an alternate channel has allowed banks to target various demographic segments more efficiently, thus retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. While supplying internet banking services, banks establish and extend their customer relationship (Robinson, 2000). The concept of online banking is an uprising in the field of banking and finance as the account holder does not have to visit the bank and queue to perform the basic transactions like balance inquiry, recent transactions record, transfer fund to employees accounts in the form of salary, bill payments and phone account top up. On top of this, the interest rates are higher for online banking than with traditional banking (3.4% to 4%). Many persons like internet banking as there is no credit check. If someone has a bad banking history of financial problems, at a traditional bank, their application to open a bank account would be turned down. This is not the case with internet banking. Some banks offer the facility of online loaning where an instant loan is provided by only filling a form. Internet banking web-sites are highly performing systems, easy to understand and navigate, with simple instructions designed to answer all queries about banking. Customers also have a wide range of opportunities to invest such as stock quotations and news updates (Lee, 2009). Qureshi et al (2008) stated that it is essential to extend internet banking to customers in order to maximize the advantages for both the service providers and the customers. The navigability if the site is a very vital part of internet banking as it can become one of the biggest competitive advantage of a financial body (Ortega et al, 2007). The banking sector performance increases everyday due to the rise in technology usage. Online banking is time saving (Qureshi et al, 2008). E-banking is now less vulnerable to safety and security related issues. Secure Socket Layer (SSL), Password Based Encryption (PBE) and electronic signatures has increased the level of security. If any inconsistency occurs in an account, it can be traced easily, making internet banking more trustworthy. Avinandan Prithwiraj, 2003; Urban, Sultan and Qualls, 2000 have identified trust to be an important factor for the financial online services. Furthermore an empirical study has shown that consumers make online decisions based only on trust. In developing countries, trust plays a crucial role for customers to accept and use online banking (Benamati and Serva, 2007). Belanger, Hiller and Smith (2002) defined privacy as being the ability to control and manage information about oneself. Some banks offer real time customer assistance to customers who have trouble finding their way through the web site or the proceedings of the internet banking registration through instant messaging, email or even the telephone. Disadvantages of Internet Banking Indisputably since the emergence of internet banking, it has been playing an important role for both the service providers and the consumers. Nevertheless, this phenomenon is observed differently among customers who either accept it heartily or reject it. Those who accept it, as proposed by Clark and Mills (1993), prefer impersonal relationship, that is, exchange oriented customers. They like the 24 hour availability of services, the simplicity of the transactions, the no-queuing factor and no fixed branch-operating hours (Al-Somali et al,2009) while those who reject it look for the human touch and social benefits of traditional banking. These are known as the communally oriented customers (Clark and Mills, 1993). Those who reject internet banking are wary of the risks involved in it. Featherman and Pavlou (2003) defined perceived risk as the potential for loss in the pursuit of a desired outcome of using an e-service. The risks perceived are; Financial risk it is the constant anxiety of transactions faults causing a monetary loss suffered by customers who perform online transactions. Clearly internet banking lacks the assurance provided in traditional banking (Lee et al., 2009, p.2) and this is due to the fact that online banking is considered as an innovation which is incompatible with consumers habits (Kuisma et al., 2007, p.77). Performance risk This risk is innate from the consumers fright of losses incurred by failures of online banking websites. Customers are often troubled that a disconnection from the Internet might occur while performing electronic transactions which might lead to huge unexpected losses (Kuisma et al., 2007). This was confirmed by Sathye (1999) who claimed that Internet access is a decisive variable on which the adoption of online banking depends and by Almogbil (2005) who succeeded in showing that a significant relationship exists between the speed of Internet access and the acceptance of electronic banking. Social risk It stems from the fear of being seen in a negative way by others (Kuisma et al., 2007, p.77) or causing the disapproval of ones friends/family/work group by adopting online banking (Agarwal et al., 2009, p.4). Venkatesh and Morris (2000) approve that social influence plays a central role in determining the approval of new information technologies. Nonetheless, it is commendable to note that others opinions are particularly informative in the early stages of experience (Hartwick and Barki, 1994) when potential information technologies adopters are not sufficiently informed. Privacy risk It refers to the possible loss due to fraud or a hacker, putting at risk the security of an online customer (Lee et al., 2009, p.2). This risk is emphasized since the appearance of phishers whose hobby consists on attempting to deceptively collect personal information, such as usernames, passwords and credit card details. They not only lead to users monetary loss, but also violate users privacy (Entrust, 2008). Suh and Han (2002) point out that, unlike in offline banking, that is traditional banking, trust is a pressing need in internet banking. Time risk It is the times loss and the lateness in receiving the payment or the difficulty of navigation (Lee et al., 2009, p.2). This can be due to a disorganized Web site, to slow-downloadable pages, to the long time needed to be a PC-literate. Apart from this, the credulity of an institution must be verified before opening an account in an internet bank and entrusting the life-savings of an individual. The institution must be legitimate and must be checked against the listing of the FDIC. A major disadvantage would be that when several failed attempts have been done to login the account, after having given the wrong password, the account becomes inactive. The customer will have to go through a lengthy procedure to get it reactivated again. Weeldreyer (2002) claims that internet banking is not living up to the hype. Another problem would be the down time of internet, where no customer will be able to access hi/her bank account because there is no internet connection for hours probably. The connection could also be unstable during bad climatic conditions such as heavy rain.

Why Global Warming Needs to Stop :: essays research papers

Why Global Warming Needs To Stop Global warming causes our fresh water glaciers to melt, leaving us with less and less drinking water everyday. Global warming also causes various diseases to spread faster. We need to stop the global warming before it gets any worse, before we have no water and before we all die from communicable, global warming-spawn diseases. First, global warming needs to be stopped because it is infecting animals and sea life that we eat with parasites that come from the warmer sea temperatures. These rising temperatures have caused oysters to be infected with a certain parasite that makes humans sick â€Å"one of the largest known break outs of vibro parahaemolyticus gasteroenteritis has been attributed to rising temperatures in the ocean. Where infected oysters were harvested in Prince William Sound, Alaska.† (â€Å"Global Warming†) Before this the northern most reported infection was in British Colombia, 1000 km south of Prince William. Therefore, from this we can see that global warming is changing the temperatures in Alaska and other northerly provinces and territories to be as warm as other southern provinces. It also doesn’t just make the land hotter, therefore, it affects the sea, which is an important commodity. With this comes dire consequences such as animals and food being consumed by h umans is going to make people sick. Therefore, we need to stop the global warming so that we don’t get sick and start loosing whole species to global warming. Another effect of global warming is that each year the glaciers are getting smaller and smaller. This makes our fresh water sparse and hard to find for certain areas in Canada, more northerly provinces. In Ontario, we get most of our fresh water from the great lakes, while on the other hand, cities in these northern provinces need water from these glaciers. â€Å"Over 30% of the earths fresh water comes from glaciers. Each year in retrospect, there is less and less water from these glaciers because they are melting from global warming.† (â€Å"Global Warming†) So from this we can see how if global warming keeps on getting worse and worse, we will have no water left at all.

Fresh Food vs. Canned Food Essay

I’ll never forget the time when I tasted produce from the fresh side like it came fresh picked out of the garden then compared to the taste of a canned produce that could have been sitting in a can full of water and oil for who knows how long. The look was simply unappealing to the limp, dull and soggy vegetable compared to the vibrant color, and crisp texture and overall taste of a fresh one. Eating is an activity that we as humans do at least two times a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. â€Å"We’re looking at fresh foods, something that appeals to everyone. †(Andrea Reudi) We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. Have you ever tasted a canned food item and could immediately tell that it was lacking something because of the taste quality compared to if you had consumed a fresh item? For most of us we prefer to eat fresh food over canned food any day because of the fresh factor. Fresh food tends to have an effect that bring us into our souls and immerse ourselves into the freshness of the food than in a canned item you just would like to run away from. Because of the advances in food technology have dramatically changed the way we eat, the question we ask is eating fresh food healthier compared to canned food or is there even much of a difference. There is a dramatic difference when eating fresh fruit and vegetables compared to canned goods. The differences between eating fresh foods instead of canned foods are the differences in flavor, health benefits and the cost. Number of people believe that fresh foods are in greater quality to canned goods which is true and will be explained. The general impression is that fresh food —produce, in particular—is better for you than frozen or canned food because fresh food (provided it has not been overly steamed or overly boiled) arrives at your table with its appearance largely unchanged, and its nutrients—including fiber content—intact. Additionally, canned foods are notorious for being higher in added salt and sugar, and frozen meals are known for the additives they often require (such as emulsifiers and binders found in frozen desserts). Now imagine the same situation with a canned food arriving at your table with most of the qualities greatly changed from the bland taste in flavor, the dullness in color, and the limpness and floppiness in texture. It also may seem illogical to think that food processed a year or more before it is consumed could actually still be nutritious (Health library 1). Could you ever tell the difference in taste when it comes to the fresh taste in fresh foods like it was just newly pulled from the ground in a good harvesting season compared to the dull taste of food preserved in a can for as long as two years. Can you imagine eating something that was preserved in a can from two years beforehand tasting the same as when it was freshly harvested on the farm? The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh foods have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned foods however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods so it can contain a long shelf life. It is logical that the fresh foods will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Nutrients and vitamins are also greatly diminished in the preserving process. Comparing both types of foods we notice another difference. There are many nutritional differences between both of these that have a health factor that affects both of them. The heating process during canning destroys from one-third to one-half of vitamins A and C, riboflavin, and thiamin. For every year the food is stored, canned food loses an additional 5 to 20% of these vitamins (Diet: fresh foods vs. canned foods). That said there are a few minor drawbacks to purchasing canned goods over fresh. A study conducted by students at the University of California showed that canned produce experiences a significant loss in thiamin, B6 and riboflavin, three essential B vitamins. However, the amounts of other vitamins are only slightly lower in canned food than in fresh food. Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food, but could also become toxic if consumed too often. But on the other hand canned produce, is generally packaged only hours after it has been picked. The canning process that require high temperatures preserve the vast majority of the food’s nutrients. The Food and Drug Administration states that â€Å"When produce is handled properly and canned quickly after harvest, it can be more nutritious than fresh produce sold in stores†. Buying fresh foods have a lot of good qualities over canned foods, but there are other differences why buying fresh foods may have some shortcomings. Popular opinion suggests that fresh produce provides the most nutrients and health benefits over canned foods. However, closer study reveals that this actually may not be the case. What is referred to as â€Å"fresh† produce may not be as fresh as it appears. While it is generally accepted that fresh fruits and vegetables contain the most nutrients, it is important to remember that. Once a fresh produce such as a fruit or vegetable is picked, it undergoes a process of storing and shipping where it loses a significant percent of its nutritional value. Produce is often transported over long distances and then left to sit on store shelves. The time lapse between picking and purchase can cause fresh fruits and vegetables to lose some of their nutritional value as they are exposed to light and air. Their taste and texture are also diminished during this procedure. Frozen or canned produce, on the other hand, is generally packaged immediately after harvesting, when nutrient levels are at their highest. Statements issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Food Information Council (IFIC) report that nutrients in fruits and vegetables are generally not lost during canning or freezing, and that fresh, frozen, or canned versions of the same food have relatively equivalent nutrient profiles. The nutrients in produce remain largely intact regardless of how they are processed. The lycopene in tomatoes, for example, can be found in fresh tomatoes, canned tomatoes, spaghetti sauce, and frozen pizza sauce. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety & Inspection Service has also stated that there is little change in nutrient value during freezer storage of meat and poultry products. Well if nutrition isn’t the issue then what is. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned foods are much more expensive than fresh foods. Here the benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods, and they require less work to prepare than fresh foods, just open and serve. Some drawbacks that come along with eating fresh foods are that, fresh fruit is a seasonal product in most areas. If a fruit is not in season, you may be able to purchase the fruit, but it will be prohibitively expensive. Another disadvantage to fresh fruit includes the shelf-life for fresh fruit is impractically short for many of us. This means not only that the fruit purchases is apt to go bad before it can be consumed, but also that more trips to the grocery store are required to keep good fresh fruit in the house at all times. Clearly, there are many differences and comparisons when buying fresh foods and buying canned foods. When comparing canned foods to fresh foods in the amount of nutrients still intact from the process and delivery to the store shelves it is clear that fresh foods contain nutrients throughout the handling process. Studies confirm that fresh fruits and vegetables straight from the garden or local farmer’s market remain the most nutritional of all produce options. But for those without the time or means to grow produce, canned or frozen products may be worth considering . One only has to taste the remarkable difference in a fresh food item compared to a canned item to recognize the dissimilarity in crisp taste compared to the wilted taste in a canned item. As we can see it comes down to a personal choice, based on the time each person has, the money and the importance he/she gives to his/her nutrition and health. Therefore, it is important that you consider your possibilities and choose the best type of foods for your convenience and lifestyle. Is there really any question as to the benefits of fresh foods that underhandly outweigh the benefits evaluated to canned food? But if there was any question you had to ask yourself it would be would you prefer the fresh, crisp taste of a fresh fruit or vegetable or would you desire the soggy, dull taste of a canned product.

Freshman Year Survival Guide

Freshman Year at Howard University: Survival Course Being a freshman at Howard University can be the start of a great life for a young black person. Student’s freshman year is the year that can mold or break them. Being a freshman at any college is very opportunistic. However, at Howard if a student starts of their college career strongly, it can propel them to do well their remaining years at the university. On the other hand, at Howard University if a student doesn’t address school seriously they can run into an abundance of distractions that can hurt a student’s college career.In saying that, it’s evident that the social scene at Howard University is prelevant enough to swallow a student’s time and focus. How would freshman students know how to balance out the fun and still focus on their education without previous knowledge of how Howard is? It would be very difficult to say the least. Howard University should require mandatory courses and meeti ngs that freshman attend to tell them how to get through their freshman year the correct way. One might ask, what does the proposed way of getting through your freshman year consist of?I think the prototypical freshman year should consist of getting solid grades, joining clubs that has other students from the same states, maybe getting a job on campus your second semester, and having an easy transition to becoming an independent person, would be the main components. In addition, clubs and groups can be very effective to students coming from sheltered backgrounds. In addition, students who will have always been organized have a vision of what they should live up to or excel beyond.Furthermore, these mandatory courses would just be a three credit hour course taken one of the semesters of the year. To reiterate, there are lot of books written on how to get through your freshman year of college. I think that a book could be written on how to get through your freshman year specifically a t Howard University as well as a course being taught about the book. In high school, students were required to go to advisory meetings. So that the students could be hear what the school thought was necessary for them to know.So I think that college freshman should be required to do the same thing. On the other hand, sometimes, mandatory meetings in freshman dormitories are held that exemplify about ways to help freshman get through their first year at Howard. However, not all students attend these meetings and miss out on important information for them. If students had to attend seminars that teach them how to get through their year by showing the futures of a balanced student and a student who parties too much, I think they would follow the right path.Likewise, one of the biggest reasons why students struggle or even drop out their first year of school is because they can’t balance partying and extra curricular activities with school. That is why students should be shown wh at happens when a freshman at Howard takes the wrong route by almost dropping out. Easily, freshman could easily get too wrapped up in everything else besides school because of Howard University’s environment.So when students attend these seminars and classes they can see the careers of a prototypical student and worst possible student at Howard University. Obviously, freshman year for a student at any school is important. Students should have the opportunity to know the best and worst they can do as they take on a big change in their life. At a University as prestigious as Howard University, why not ensure future greatness by attempting to make the freshman of Howard as comfortable and informed as possible. Word Count: 627

Latin America essays

Latin America essays As pointed out by Dr. Nancy Fitch in her review of Gruzinski's The Conquest of Mexico, authorities disagree over how early the Nahuas adopted the Spanish alphabet to render Nahuatl into a written language to produce their own codices or written accounts of the conquest (Fitch, 2003). The Mexican historian Miguel Leon-Portilla, author of The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, believes that a rare French Bibliotheque National manuscript (variously described as "Manuscript 22", Unos anales historicos de la nacion mexicana, or the Tlatelolco Codex) was written in Nahuatl by a group of anonymous natives of Tlatelolco in 1528, just seven years after the conquest (Fitch, 2003). J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s (Fitch, 2003). There is evidence that indigenous peoples authored many codices, but the Spaniards destroyed most of them in their attempt to eradicate ancient beliefs (Fitch, 2003). Moreover, we can gain little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King, Itzcoatl, apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440, in order to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire; still others simply disappeared, without being published or preserved (Fitch, 2003). The Spaniards believed language and evangelization were the keys to making the natives "Spanish", in their understanding of the world (Fitch, 2003). Many sons of caciques in sixteenth century New Spain were sent to the priests to be taught to read and write in Spanish, and to be indoctrinated in Catholicism (Fitch, 2003; Kartutten, 1998). As Zhenja La Rosa argued, the Spaniards assumed t...

Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century

Before the advent of the Computer Age and digital technology, most scientists kept abreast of the latest advances in their field by means of journals in libraries, reprint requests or use of Current Contents. Researchers, whereby having private, public or university affiliation, were often involved in one or more scientific societies. These societies, acting as an information-exchange medium, are chiefly responsible for the gathering, dissemination and sharing of current research in their respective content area. Karen Levitan, an information scientist at the MITRE Corporation in Virginia, hypothesized in 1975 that American scientists did not consider the publishing role of these societies to be as important as traditionally assumed. In order to test her hypothesis, Levitan polled 60 random biomedical scientists from the six societies in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)2. To note, her choice for biomedical scientists versus other genres of scientists depended only on the fact that most previous work focused on the communication systems of the physical sciences, chemistry or psychology. Of the 60 polled, 46 scientists responded. It is quite obvious that this sample size is statistically insignificant, a point Levitan concedes, and may be largely biased in the FASEB society. However, there does exist three3 interesting trends supporting Levitan’s hypothesis worth considering in future analyses. First, the majority of scientists did not join the societies primarily to receive publications. Levitan points out that the membership to the societies in the FASEB being considered were â€Å"selective† as opposed to â€Å"open†. She queried the scientists that if publications were to cease by the society and controlled by other groups, what effect would that have on their enrollment. The respondents were evenly divided, with proponents citing the quality of the publication was based more on the a... Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century Before the advent of the Computer Age and digital technology, most scientists kept abreast of the latest advances in their field by means of journals in libraries, reprint requests or use of Current Contents. Researchers, whereby having private, public or university affiliation, were often involved in one or more scientific societies. These societies, acting as an information-exchange medium, are chiefly responsible for the gathering, dissemination and sharing of current research in their respective content area. Karen Levitan, an information scientist at the MITRE Corporation in Virginia, hypothesized in 1975 that American scientists did not consider the publishing role of these societies to be as important as traditionally assumed. In order to test her hypothesis, Levitan polled 60 random biomedical scientists from the six societies in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)2. To note, her choice for biomedical scientists versus other genres of scientists depended only on the fact that most previous work focused on the communication systems of the physical sciences, chemistry or psychology. Of the 60 polled, 46 scientists responded. It is quite obvious that this sample size is statistically insignificant, a point Levitan concedes, and may be largely biased in the FASEB society. However, there does exist three3 interesting trends supporting Levitan’s hypothesis worth considering in future analyses. First, the majority of scientists did not join the societies primarily to receive publications. Levitan points out that the membership to the societies in the FASEB being considered were â€Å"selective† as opposed to â€Å"open†. She queried the scientists that if publications were to cease by the society and controlled by other groups, what effect would that have on their enrollment. The respondents were evenly divided, with proponents citing the quality of the publication was based more on the a...

A Beginners Guide to the Industrial Revolution

A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to a period of massive economic, technological, social, and cultural change which affected humans to such an extent that its often compared to the change from hunter-gathering to farming. At its simplest, a mainly agriculture-based world economy using manual labor was transformed into one of industry and manufacturing by machines. The precise dates are a subject for debate and vary by historian, but the 1760/80s to the 1830/40s are most common, with the developments beginning in Britain and then spreading to the rest of the world, including the United States. The Industrial Revolutions The term industrial revolution was used to describe the period before the 1830s, but modern historians increasingly call this period the first industrial revolution. This period was characterized by developments in textiles, iron, and steam (led by Britain) to differentiate it from a second revolution of the 1850s onwards, characterized by steel, electrics, and automobiles (led by the U.S. and Germany). What Changed Industrially and Economically The invention of steam power, which replaced horses and water, was used to power factories and transportation and allowed for deeper mining.The improvement of iron-making techniques allowing for vastly higher production levels and better material.The textile industry was transformed by new machines (such as the Spinning Jenny) and factories, allowing for much higher production at a lower cost.Better machine tools allowed for more and better machines.Developments in metallurgy and chemical production affected many industries.New and quicker transport networks were created thanks to first canals and then railways, allowing products and materials to be moved cheaper and more efficiently.The banking industry developed to meet the needs of entrepreneurs, providing finance opportunities that allowed the industries to expand.  The use of coal (and coal production) soared. Coal eventually replaced wood. As you can see, an awful lot of industries changed dramatically, but historians have to carefully untangle how each affected the other as everything triggered changes in the others, which triggered more changes in return. What Changed Socially and Culturally Rapid urbanization led to dense, cramped housing and living conditions, which spread disease, created vast new city-dwelling populations, and a new sort of social order that helped to establish a new way of life: New city and factory cultures affecting family and peer groups.Debates and laws regarding child labor, public health, and working conditions.Anti-technology groups, such as the Luddites. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The end of feudalism changed economic relationships (with feudalism used as a useful catch-all term and not a claim that there was classic-style feudalism in Europe at this point). More causes of the Industrial Revolution include: A higher population because of less disease and lower infant mortality, which allowed for a larger industrial workforce.The agricultural revolution freed people from the soil, allowing (or driving) them into cities and manufacturing, creating a larger industrial workforce.Proportionally large amounts of spare capital for investment.Inventions and the scientific revolution, allowing for new technology.Colonial trade networks.The presence of all the required resources located close together, which is why Britain was the first country to experience the industrial revolution.A general culture of hard work, taking risks, and developing ideas. Debates Evolution, not revolution? Historians such as J. Clapham and N. Craft have argued that there was a gradual evolution in industrial sectors, rather than a sudden revolution.How the revolution worked. Historians are still trying to pry apart the heavily interwoven developments, with some arguing that there were parallel developments in many industries and others arguing that some industries, usually cotton, surged and stimulated the others.Britain in the 18th century. The debate still rages over both why the industrial revolution began when it did and why it began in Britain.

Alternative energy ((wind power)) Research Paper

Alternative energy ((wind power)) - Research Paper Example Wind power is one of the oldest sources of energy. The history of the wind power dates back to 5,500 years when the first sail boats made use of this great energy. Around 500-900 AD, the first documented windmills made use of the wind power to grind grain as well as water pumping. Since then, the man has progressed in leaps and bounds: from the traditional windmills to the modern day wind turbines greatly harnessing the energy of the wind for its many uses. (Dodge, 2006) Wind energy has, however, gained prominence in recent years around the globe as shown in figure 2. United States was the second largest producer of the wind energy with an installed capacity of 40.2 GW in the world. Energy analysts state that the lands of the United States have a vast potential of wind energy generation. They believe that the best areas in US have the potential to supply 20% of the total US energy requirement. Likewise, figure 3 shows the current installed wind energy capacity as of 2011 with the highest wind energy production in the state of Texas. In March 2012, the US energy department announced a budget of $180 million to develop offshore wind energy projects. This will enable the country to diversify its energy production mix while as the same time move towards the green energy agenda (US DOE, 2012). The future of the wind power around the world is very bright with the growing demand of cleaner energy. Energy analysts envision the wind energy source perched on every rooftop-be it a business or a house, in near future. Dennis Noonan, owner of Blanchard Machine Development in Hillsboro, has completely revolutionized the technology of the wind turbines, shown in figure 2, which delivers more power with less wind. This will enable the future generation to extract more energy at less cost. (Augustine,

Static Equilibrium Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Static Equilibrium - Coursework Example An object with zero acceleration does not imply that, it is at rest. Objects in equilibrium state are at rest and staying at rest or in momentum and continue to be in momentum with the same speed and direction. This concept also emanates from Newton’s first law of motion (Herbert 135) When an object is at a condition of rest and the forces acting upon its particles are balanced (Equilibrium) then such as situation is referred as static equilibrium. The term static implies a stationary state or a condition of rest. The sum total amount of forces acting upon an object in equilibrium also known as the vector sum is equivalent to 0 Newton (Cathrine 1) An object has to be in a stationary state, the must also not be in a state of transitional acceleration as well as rotational acceleration. In addition, the vector total of all the external forces acting upon it must be zero: ∑ F = 0 Since this object is at equilibrium, the magnitude of the forces represented as Force A, Force B, Force C and Force D acting upon it are balanced. This also implies that the horizontal and the vertical forces sum up to 0 Newton. One method that can be used to measure and establish whether an object is in equilibrium or not is an instance where an object is tied and hanged on two strings attached to weighing scales simultaneously. The diagram is indicated below; The magnitude of the forces acting upon the object is shown by the measurement indicated on scale 1 and scale 2 as well as the magnitude of force A (Cathrine 3) An example of an object at a static equilibrium can also be demonstrated by a box that rests on the floor. The box is impacted on by two external forces at different directions that is, the gravitational force that pulls the box to the centre of the earth. An equivalent force is also impacted by the floor on the box (pushes the box

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Changes in attitudes towards sex - Assignment Example As a result of the growing influence of media on the society, American family system has been affected in a variety of negative ways. The collective effect of changing attitudes toward sex has been of weakening the family as the building block of the society. American society is becoming increasingly approving of the gay rights. For every man who gets married to a man, at least two otherwise heterosexual couples, and the whole families associated with them are destroyed. A positive effect of these changing attitudes toward sex is that sex education today has become more of a need than a choice. More people can be educated on the risks of unhealthy sexual behaviors. A negative effect, however, is that more educated people advocate in favor of abortion associating it with women’s liberty and freedom, thus increasing the rate of abortions in the country (Aulette, 2010, p. 215). Overall, circumstances have become conducive for increase in the premarital sex amongst

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research proposal - Essay Example The internal environment, is made up the organisations strengths and weakness while the external environment is made up of the organisations opportunities and threats (Dooris, Kelley, & Trainer, 2004). Understanding of these factors is necessary while developing a strategic plan that can contend with the challenges of an organisation proactively. Some of the sources to use while analysing the internal environment is the assessment of the factors affecting the organisation internally. They include physical resources, human resources, processes and activities and the past experiences. Understanding the assets and problems of the organisation, will be useful in developing a strategic plan for an organisation that will maximise on the strengths and the same time work towards minimising the weakness (Helms & Nixon, 2010). For comprehensive coverage of the internal environment of the organisation, there is need to be aware of the perception of other people on the organization. This is important because they may see problems or assets that the organisation can’t see. To establish other people’s point of view apart from that the group that is developing the strategic plan, the team should include data collection from people on their perception. The information will be obtained by conducting focus groups, having listening sessions, conducting surveys and having meetings with people. By so doing, the strategic planning team will have a comprehensive coverage of its internal environment which will eventually lead to a more inclusive and well informed plan th at will maximize on the organisations challenges. While developing a strategic plan, analysis to the factors that an organisation does not have control over, is fundamental since it enable the team to develop a plan this is line with its external environment. The external environment is made up of the opportunities and threats

TECHNOLOGY AND YOUR FIELD OF STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TECHNOLOGY AND YOUR FIELD OF STUDY - Essay Example Mobile technology has greatly improved communication in today’s world. Mobile technology has made sending and receiving of information faster than ever before. In today’s world someone who is in a far country can call directly and talk to another who is in another continent within minutes. Today people can receive live news of what has happened all over the world faster than ever before (Barney, 2005). Very large texts can be sent across the world without the use of messengers and can be received by recipients located in different parts of the world. This has made it easier to communicate with these people, improving the time and speed of communication. Because of advances in communication technology, it is now possible for universities to offer long distance courses. All that a student needs is an access to computers, and internet connectivity. Long distance courses or classes are a popular method that universities use for purposes of reaching out on students who are in other countries. Some students also prefer to use long distance classes, because of time factors. Mobile technology has also increased efficiency and reliability in the methods and ways in which business leaders communicate with their employees. Due to the advancement of mobile technology, a business manager can now control his workers whichever place they are (Preston, 2001). It is not a must for the business manager or administrator to go to the location of his or her employee. They can use the mobile phones to request for information they need. Companies with large number of branches are able to give orders to be received immediately by their specific branches with a lot of ease. We can collaborate with co-workers no matter how spread out they may be. Any one who needs confirmation or approval of vital decisions can get them without waiting for the head of the organization to return from a trip in order to make approvals. Mobile technology has made doing

Ole Wever and the Idea of Securitization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ole Wever and the Idea of Securitization - Essay Example The critique will highlight opinions from two different authors who have covered the idea of securitization in detail. Waever approach to securitization does not address the dynamics of security in the current world. His arguments raise moral and ethical concerns that render the arguments weak (WÃ ¦ver, 1993). Issues of radical and disturbing security elements arise from his books. In his article, Words, Images, and Enemies: Securitization and International Politics, Williams (2003) highlights identifies ethics in politics as one of the dynamics of security that has not been addressed comprehensively. The theory can offer a platform for engaging in dialogs whenever security issues across the international border arise, but it does not have divergent perspective on all problems that ail the global security platform. Williams asserts that Waever would have covered securitization issue comprehensively if he concentrated on a reflexive approach. The approach would have encompassed social practices, analysis and theories surrounding security in the society. The main tool for addressing security does not lie in the conventions and meanings related to security but substantive approach in the issue. The proposition of Waever that securitization relates to speech-act is flawed. The author is criticized for presenting the securitization theory with a narrow approach such as speech-act (WÃ ¦ver, 1993). Williams notes that the author fails to cover the communicative and social context of the theory with respect to contemporary politics. Every securitization procedure must follow the due processes of the relevant institution handling security. Williams is discontented by Waever for deciding to include Schmittian legacy in the securitization theory. While William feels that the context should have been met with a comprehensive interrogation, Waever is convinced that there are no political consequences or ethical

TECHNOLOGY AND YOUR FIELD OF STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TECHNOLOGY AND YOUR FIELD OF STUDY - Essay Example Mobile technology has greatly improved communication in today’s world. Mobile technology has made sending and receiving of information faster than ever before. In today’s world someone who is in a far country can call directly and talk to another who is in another continent within minutes. Today people can receive live news of what has happened all over the world faster than ever before (Barney, 2005). Very large texts can be sent across the world without the use of messengers and can be received by recipients located in different parts of the world. This has made it easier to communicate with these people, improving the time and speed of communication. Because of advances in communication technology, it is now possible for universities to offer long distance courses. All that a student needs is an access to computers, and internet connectivity. Long distance courses or classes are a popular method that universities use for purposes of reaching out on students who are in other countries. Some students also prefer to use long distance classes, because of time factors. Mobile technology has also increased efficiency and reliability in the methods and ways in which business leaders communicate with their employees. Due to the advancement of mobile technology, a business manager can now control his workers whichever place they are (Preston, 2001). It is not a must for the business manager or administrator to go to the location of his or her employee. They can use the mobile phones to request for information they need. Companies with large number of branches are able to give orders to be received immediately by their specific branches with a lot of ease. We can collaborate with co-workers no matter how spread out they may be. Any one who needs confirmation or approval of vital decisions can get them without waiting for the head of the organization to return from a trip in order to make approvals. Mobile technology has made doing

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and Brand New Way Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and Brand New Way Essay Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many races of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the fact that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2) They also point out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaiis indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaiis society,(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many races of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the fact that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2) They also point out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaiis indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaiis society,(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People. Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many races of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the fact that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2) They also point out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii. In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaiis indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaiis society,(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Nuclear energy is a thriving global industry. Nowadays, there are a total of 435 nuclear power plants in the world. This source energy is not yet used in Malaysia. Nuclear energy can generate electricity by Fission process at the power plant. Its also said that nuclear energy only used a little fuel of uranium only but it can produce high electricity output. In such way, it can benefit our country in term of produce electricity as the government must take precaution about the decreases of supply of non renewable energy that extensively used in Malaysia. Hydroelectric is a renewable energy in Malaysia that produce high power capacity. It produced electricity from the flow of lake or streams. It will give the kinetic energy as the water flows downward very fast. So the kinetic energy has been converted to mechanical by the turbine. From the turbine, it will produce electricity. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) operates three hydroelectric in peninsular Malaysia which its sum generating power capacity is 1911 megawatts (MW) and operates with a total of 21 dams. The largest hydroelectric power system in Malaysia is at Bakun on the Balui River in Sarawak. It can generate power capacity as high as 2400 MW which is double of power capacity supply in peninsular Malaysia. Coal is a fossil fuel created from plant trapped underground for millions of years without being in contact to air. Because of its nature of long term of produce, it is classified as a non-renewable energy source. Coal is mainly consists of carbon atoms that come from plant material from ancient swamp forests. There are many types of coal. Some contain dangerous material such as sulphur that pollutes the atmosphere further when they burn that will cause to acid rain. Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and sub-bituminous coal are all different types of coal that are used nowadays. [1] In Malaysia, there are 5 generating coal power stations. Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power station is the largest coal power station which its produce 2420 MW. In some research, It said that coal will last supply for the power energy at least for the next century.So our government must take precaution above this matter by bring in other energy sources in Malaysia. Oil is our primary source nowadays. For the time being, the increase of oil price has become a big issue in Malaysia. This will affect the price of TNB tariff in the long term as many of the power station use oil to produce energy. This matter will become serious if the fuel price keeps increasing. Oil plants in Malaysia are widely used in Sabah as the total Oil plant around Malaysia is five. Most of the power plants in Sabah use diesel engines to running their system. Gelugor Power system is the only one oil plant in peninsular Malaysia. It can produce around 398MW of generating power. In Malaysia, Gas energy Plant is widely used. Like oil and coal, gas is found underground, it from the million years of heat and pressure that being applied to the underground that can caused them to change to crude oil and natural gas. There is about 21 gas energy plant in Malaysia that can produce generating power from 100MW to 1500MW. Tuanku Jaafar Power system is the highest generating power system in Malaysia as it can produce 1500 MW of power Gas is a non renewable energy so the supply of gas maybe limited nowadays. Its also said that gas contributes a large amount of carbon dioxide that can be harmful to greenhouse warming. Biomass provides heat and energy. We can use many sources of biomass such plants, landfill fumes, agriculture, forest residues and also from the waste of industries and cities. In such ways, it not also minimizes the cost but it also reduces pollution to the environment. Biomass produce energy by basically burning organic matter to released its chemical energy. Using biomass energy contributes CO2 when burned but the carbon dioxide being recaptured and used by other plants. We can create electricity from biomass by direct fired, co firing, gasification and anaerobic digestion. There are nine biomass power plants in Malaysia. Likes Oil power plants, Biomass energy is widely used in Sabah. Many of biomass power plants empty fruit bunch as their fuel. Although biomass a renewable energy, it can only produce small power capacity.[1] DISCUSSION NUCLEAR POWER IN MALAYSIA Malaysian government announced that Malaysia is considering having Nuclear power plant by 2021. As the coal power plant has the limit supply of coal, and the price fossil fuel keep increasing, this was the best way to generate power that meet our country energy demand. Green Technology and Water Minister Peter Chin Fah Kui said that our main renewable energy, which is hydroelectric also have a problem of limited land to building a dam for hydro power plant. So the drastic way to overcome this entire problem is to build a costly but efficient nuclear power plant. According to the minister, the safety of power plant would be the high priority on building this technology. [2] How Nuclear Energy Works Nuclear energy is produced naturally under a human control. A nuclear power plant uses steam to generate the power plant. Uranium is the main aspect to produce a steam. Nuclear reaction occurs when uranium atoms split into small particles that can produce large amount of heat during the chain reaction. It will release around 3 neutrons and can produce a large of energy during the fission. This chain reaction will continue until uranium is split. Figure 1 shows fission of Uranium 235. [3] Figure 1 show Fission of Uranium 235 Fission process will occur in the fuel assemblies in the reactor core. Control rods are used to absorb neutrons to control the fission process. In order to keep the heat flowing efficiently, each power plant will have their coolant device that prevent the core becoming too hot and carries heat away. The piping of steam will run through the turbine in order to create electricity. Fission process can produce radioactive, It is important to have a barrier that can protect the release of radioactivity. Nuclear power plant is said to be under human control because it constantly monitored and controlled from a control room by highly trained engineered. It also has a backup system designed if the normal operation is disrupted. Figure 2 shows schematic figure of nuclear power plant. [4] Figure 2 shows schematic of nuclear power plant ADVANTAGES Environmental effect Nuclear energy has the lowest effect on the environment, Its because that the nuclear plants do not produce harmful gases. The water from the power plant also contains no harmful pollutants. Main aspect of Environmental safety of nuclear energy is it does not burn anything to produce electricity compared to other power plant such coil, oil and gas that can produce CO2 as it can increased concentration of greenhouse that responsible for climate change. For example, A 1000MW coal plant produce 44000 tonnes of sulphur oxides and 22000 tonnes of nitrous oxide and also 500 000 tonnes of solid waste that can be harmful to the atmosphere environment compared to the nuclear energy that doesnt produce any noxious gases .Nuclear energy will reduce about 5-10% greenhouse gases reduction by the time of 10 years. Cost Nuclear energy is very cost effective compared to the renewable energy such wind, hydro or solar. It uses Uranium as fuel. Main aspect is it use it can produce huge amount of energy in such a small amount of uranium. Uranium is highly concentrated source which is very cheap and easy transportable. For example, One kilogram Uranium will yield 20 000 times as much energy compare to the same amount of coal.[5] Supply Research said that Coal sufficient for some 300 years, natural gas for 60 years and oil for 40 years. The development of Nuclear power would be a drastic change for this problem. It was known that Uranium would last long for around 50 years, but recycling the plutonium from spent fuel would increase the potential of uses this technology as long as 3000 years at todays level of use. As we know, the consumption of fuel (uranium) of uses this technology is very small but the electricity produce are very high which is the main advantage of this technology.[6] Safety Since the tragedy of Chernobyl and three miles island, the safety of nuclear power plant had been improved. All nuclear power plant needs to be at maximum safety avoid major accidents. Nowadays, the design of newest nuclear reactor has applied the concept of negative feedback loop. This new technology ensures that nuclear power become harder to squeeze. In such ways, nuclear chain reaction that can lead to a explosion almost impossible to happen. So this technology had overcome the safety problem that always been worried by people around the world. DISADVANTAGE Environmental effect Nuclear waste is the main disadvantage in nuclear power energy. After many years of research, the world still has no exact solution to safely dispose the nuclear waste. Nuclear waste nowadays is stored in a disposal site. The problem is Plutonium takes a hundred thousand of years to be no longer radioactive. So the storage site may be full before the plutonium become inactive. In instant, plutonium are very dangerous as it is highly toxic and also can be used to make bomb.[7] Cost Although the price of uranium is cheap, the cost to construct Nuclear power plant is very expensive compared to the other source of power plant. It uses highly expensive technologies. The total cost to use the nuclear technology include construction, safety, insurance and liability in case of accidents or being attack which is can cause to mass destruction and also the cost of nuclear waste Nuclear Proliferation As we know, nuclear technology used a lot of uranium that can be converted to weapons production. Nowadays, there are more than 40 countries used this technology have a big risk about nuclear proliferation. The hazard of nuclear power includes the risk of disaster like nuclear reactor disaster in Chernobyl which hotly debated in the internet. The other problem is also the risk of terrorism and sabotage which can cause mass destruction. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA Hydropower and biomass are commonly used of renewable energy in Malaysia. After an increasing price of fuel, lack of supply of coal, environmental problem and limited land in building dam for a hydropower, its a sufficient way if Malaysia take a step to develop a new type of renewable energy such wind and solar. Renewable energy plays a big role in supplying electricity in Malaysia as it also reduces the issue of global warming. Since Malaysia is located in equatorial region which receiving average of 8 hours of sunshine, its better for Malaysia government to implement solar technology in Malaysia. Nowadays, solar technology in our country is only use in rural area. For instant, Malaysia actually has built their first solar power station in Tropical Village of Kampung Denai.[8] Many citizens nowadays also use solar photovoltaic application as their water heater in their home. This shows that solar technology is no longer a new technology in Malaysia. Its better if our government to t ake opportunity to build a mega solar power supply in our country to overcome the problem of environmental effect if using non renewable energy such coil and oil. COMPARISON BETWEEN NUCLEAR ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Safety The main difference is renewable energy doesnt have the tendency to create a military weapon the way the nuclear energy does. For instant, a sabotage of nuclear power plant would release a large amount of radioactive which is very harmful to human. Theres no type of renewable energy that can be used as weapon of mass destruction. Supply Renewable energies have very limitless source. It stated that nuclear energy can long last about 3000 years more because of the uranium supply is larger enough and also because of the ability of recycling plutonium. Both of this source energy has the long term of supply which would be the main factor of using this source. Environment Renewable energy is absolutely environmental friendly. Nuclear energy also doesnt produce any noxious gas which can increase the concentration of greenhouse problem or global warming. But the problem of using nuclear energy is to deal with the nuclear waste. Nuclear waste radioactive remains for hundred thousand of years. Until now, any of the world government body doesnt have the solution to solve this problem. Cost Nuclear power is more expensive compare with renewable energy. Even though we know that nuclear power plant only use little fuel (uranium) means little cost in term of supply but other cost like construction, safety, and waste are yet highly expensive. Solar energy is very affordable and very appropriate for our country as Malaysia gets a good sunlight each year. This could be the main advantage of using this technology. CONCLUSION Energy sources that are sustainable, environmental friendly and cost effective would be the main factor of choosing source energy. Renewable energy can achieve the sustainable we need. Renewable energy supplies 19% of energy and nuclear energy only supply 16% of world electricity.[9] Renewable energy not only have limitless source, its also easily organize and absolutely no risk to human and global. Nuclear energy maybe has its own advantage but the dangerous of nuclear waste has overcome all the benefit of nuclear energy. Theres still a big problem about the radioactive effect that can be harmful to human. So the investment on building nuclear power plant energy would be not a good option.